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Posts Tagged ‘group behavior’


Whooper Swan Signaling Behavior

May 30th, 2014 by vld3

 

Originally, the wikipedia page for Whooper Swans focused on their feeding habits and distribution, but focused very little on the behavior of these swans. I added this information about Whooper Swan behavior to the page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooper_Swan#Distribution_and_behaviour.

When Whooper Swans prepare to go on a flight as a flock, they use a variety of signaling movements to communicate with each other. These movements include head bobs, head shakes, and wing flaps and influence whether the flock will take flight and if so, which individual will take the lead. Whooper Swans that signaled with these movements in large groups were found to be able to convince their flock to follow them 61% of the time.  In comparison, swans that did not signal were only able to create a following 35% of the time.  In most cases, the Whooper Swan in the flock that makes the most movements (head bobs) is also the swan that initiates the flight of the flock – this initiator swan can be either male or female, but is more likely to be a parent than a cygnet. Additionally, this signaling method may be a way for paired mates to stay together in flight. Observational evidence indicates that a swan whose mate is paying attention to and participates in its partner’s signals will be more likely to follow through with the flight. Thus, if a Whooper Swan begins initiating flight signals, it will be less likely to actually carry through with the flight if its mate is not paying attention and is therefore less likely to join it.

Food For Thought

May 21st, 2014 by asa4

 

The Houston Zoo has many beautiful species held in captivity, including Phoenicopterus ruber, commonly referred to as the American flamingo. I observed a flock of thirty flamingos for foraging behavior on Saturday, February 1st, at 11:30 am. Flamingos are well cited as filter feeders, using their bills and tongue movements to pump water containing food through structures in the beak that allow for filtering (Jenkin 1957).  I observed similar feeding behaviors in both juvenile and adult flamingos. The flamingos placed their beaks in the water and created a vibration, which allows the flamingos to sift through the water. Water waves could be seen as the birds peripherally placed their beaks on the water surface. Occasionally, I observed that a bird would put its head under water and move it in a circular formation around a central point.  This behavior has been described previously as “jig movements” (Jenkins 1957). Based on my observations, this flamingo behavior is a method by which to disturb the bed of the pond. Members of the flamingo flock surprisingly demonstrated minimal variation in their feeding styles. However, I noticed that the juvenile grey flamingos spent much less time foraging for food in comparison to the adult flamingos within the thirty minutes of observation. Instead, the juvenile birds spent more time on land observing and standing next to the adult flamingos. This observation is supported by a study concluding that most flamingo species feed in large flocks (Bildstein et al., 1991).

The flamingos I observed were kept in captivity, so the feeding behavior noted may have been different from what would be observed in the wild. (more…)

Texas Minnow Risk vs. Reward Behavior

May 19th, 2014 by vld3

 

Many organisms walk a fine line, balancing their need for food with their need to avoid predation. Minnows in Texas are no exception to this rule. On a cold day (around 50 degrees Fahrenheit) with no precipitation and partial clouds, I observed several minnows on the edge of a local pond (I observed within a foot of the edge of the pond).  The minnows ranged from about two to about four inches long and appeared to be of the same species and of the family Ciprinidae (Nelson, 2000). The pond had algae and debris lining its edge.

While I was watching the minnows, I noticed that they would continually flick around in a very excited manner. Flicking involved very short, fast movements, in which the minnows usually moved less than an inch in a second or less. Usually, this flicking would bring them to the top of the pond, or even closer to the shore. When the minnows moved, they also appeared to be nibbling on the algae in small bites – taking one nibble and then “flicking away”. Additionally, the minnows moved independently, but seemed to stay around the same group of other minnows. Finally, if I moved and a shadow passed over the water, the minnows would dart away. Their darting had them moving quickly, like with flicking, but in longer strokes – when darting the minnows usually moved out of eyesight, but definitely more than a few inches.

While watching the minnows, I developed several hypotheses regarding what evolutionary advantages some of their behaviors may have served. (more…)

Group Living

May 10th, 2014 by ss55

 

This post is an edit that I wrote to expand on the “Living In Groups” section on Wikipedia’s “Ethology” page. You can visit the page here.

Benefits and costs of group living

One advantage of group living can be decreased predation. If the number of predator attacks stays the same despite increasing prey group size, each prey may have a reduced risk of predator attacks through the dilution effect1. Additionally, a predator that is confused by a mass of individuals can find it more difficult to single out one target. For this reason, the zebra’s stripes offer not only camouflage in a habitat of tall grasses, but also the advantage of blending into a herd of other zebras2. In groups, prey can also actively reduce their predation risk through more effective defense tactics, or through earlier detection of predators through increased vigilance1.

Another advantage of group living can be an increased ability to forage for food. Group members may exchange information about food sources between one another, facilitating the process of resource location1.  Honeybees are a notable example of this, using the waggle dance to communicate the location of flowers to the rest of their hive3. Predators also receive benefits from hunting in groups, through using better strategies and being able to take down larger prey1. (more…)

Antsy Ants and Their Group Movement Patterns

April 16th, 2014 by avn3

Neivamyrmex bohlsi. Image by: Alexander Wild (www.alexanderwild.com)

Ever watched ants forage for food? No? Do not fret then, for I have already done it for you. One afternoon on a partly cloudy day, I went to a local park and observed some rather small, vicious-looking red ants (order Hymenoptera, family Formicidae) as they traveled on the concrete of the sidewalk. Nearby was a field of grass, where their home probably was. What interested me about these ants was the way they traveled. There were two apparent intermixing groups of the same ants traveling in opposite directions, which can be seen in the rough diagram below. (more…)